Electronics - Wikipedia. Electronics is the science of controlling electrical energy electrically, in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, optoelectronics, sensors etc. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit. The science of electronics is also considered to be a branch of physics and electrical engineering. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible. Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working system. Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro- mechanical science and technology, which deal with the generation, distribution, switching, storage, and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms using wires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors, and other passive components. This distinction started around 1. Lee De Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non- mechanical device. Until 1. 95. 0 this field was called . The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid- state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering. This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics. Branches of electronics. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). UpdateStar is compatible with Windows platforms. UpdateStar has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with Windows 10, 8.1, Windows 8. Includes electronic circuits, schematics, and online tutorials. Provides a dictionary of electronics terms, weblog and links to other projects and lessons. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ICT. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the. 45 Top Websites To Download Free EBooks. Some really useful sites where you can find the books and magazines you have been looking for and that too free of cost. ECTACO, Inc. Founded in 1990, ECTACO has. Electronics is the science of controlling electrical energy electrically, in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits. Save on EarthLink's award-winning Internet services for your home: dial-up, DSL, high-speed cable & more. Plus, web hosting & software. Connect with us! Components may be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components are capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. ![]() Components are often categorized as active (e. They played a leading role in the field of microwave and high power transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1. Vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as high power RF amplifiers, cathode ray tubes, specialist audio equipment, guitar amplifiers and some microwave devices. In April 1. 95. 5, the IBM 6. IBM product to use transistor circuits without any vacuum tubes and is believed to be the first all- transistorized calculator to be manufactured for the commercial market. From that time on transistors were almost exclusively used for computer logic and peripherals. Types of circuits. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types. Analog circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components. Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non- linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators. One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance. This type of circuit is usually called . An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output. In fact, many digital circuits are actually implemented as variations of analog circuits similar to this example—after all, all aspects of the real physical world are essentially analog, so digital effects are only realized by constraining analog behavior. Digital circuits. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra, and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms . Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled . Often logic . However, some systems use the reverse definition (. Quite often the logic designer may reverse these definitions from one circuit to the next as he sees fit to facilitate his design. The definition of the levels as . Digital signal processors are another example. Building blocks: Highly integrated devices: Heat dissipation and thermal management. Heat dissipation is mostly achieved by passive conduction/convection. Means to achieve greater dissipation include heat sinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as water cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction, and radiation of heat energy. Electronic noise is defined. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise may be electromagnetically or thermally generated, which can be decreased by lowering the operating temperature of the circuit. Other types of noise, such as shot noise cannot be removed as they are due to limitations in physical properties. Electronics theory. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis. Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current through a certain branch of a network. A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator. Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory. Electronics lab. These experiments are used to test or verify the engineer’s design and detect errors. Historically, electronics labs have consisted of electronics devices and equipment located in a physical space, although in more recent years the trend has been towards electronics lab simulation software, such as Circuit. Logix, Multisim, and PSpice. Computer aided design (CAD). Electronic design automation software programs include schematic capture programs and printed circuit board design programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Multisim, Cadence (ORCAD), EAGLE PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), Lab. Centre Electronics (Proteus), g. EDA, Ki. Cad and many others. Construction methods. For instance, early electronics often used point to point wiring with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. Cordwood construction and wire wrap were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as FR4, or the cheaper (and less hard- wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper (SRBP, also known as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) - characterised by its brown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (Ro. Google publisher page, Download software programs developed by Google.HS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE), which went into force in July 2. See also. September 2. Oxford University Press. February 2. 01. 7. History of Electron Tubes. ISBN 9. 78- 9. 0- 5. Retrieved 5 December 2. IBM's Early Computers. IBM's 3. 60 and early 3. ISBN 0- 2. 62- 1. Basic Electrical Theory, Basic DC Theory. Vol. 2, DC Circuits, Batteries, Generators, Motors. Vol. 3, Basic AC Theory, Basic AC Reactive Components, Basic AC Power, Basic AC Generators. Vol. 4, AC Motors, Transformers, Test Instruments & Measuring Devices, Electrical Distribution Systems.
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